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This article relates to data collected in the USA but is relevant to academics and criminal justice system (CJS) service developers anywhere. This academic article reports on a quantitative logistic regression analysis which compares the effects of maternal and paternal imprisonment on adult daughters and sons CJS involvement. It uses data from the American National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) to examine differences by parent and offspring sex in the effect of parental imprisonment on arrest, conviction, and incarceration after age 18. After applying controls variables, both maternal and paternal incarceration significantly increase the likelihood of adult offspring CJS involvement. This effect is especially pronounced for same-sex parenta and children, suggesting that the importance of parental imprisonment for adult offending outcomes is gendered. In addition, the study finds that intimate partner abuse and running away are significant predictors of adult CJS involvement for women, but not for men. The results suggest the importance of examining parental imprisonment using a gendered, developmental framework such as gendered pathways. The recommendations also point to the need for gender-responsive programes in prisons.
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